nephrin  (R&D Systems)

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Orthogonal Force Balance Between Contractility and Shear Stress Governs Podocyte Dynamics

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.22.701159

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, Model-predicted integrin stability as a function of location from foot process periphery to center under varying shear stress conditions. Low stress (blue) shows minimal peripheral preference; increasing stress (orange to red) drives progressive peripheral accumulation with central depletion. b, Schematic of predicted integrin redistribution under mechanical stress. Integrins accumulate at foot process peripheries (green) as stress increases, with potential shape changes and edge detachment under excessive loading. c, Airyscan super-resolution imaging validates predicted pattern in healthy mouse glomerulus. Integrin α3 (red) accumulates in gaps between synaptopodin-marked foot processes (green), with nephrin marking slit diaphragms (blue). Scale bar: 1 μm. d, Relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) plot along indicated line in panel c shows integrin α3 peaks (red) localized between synaptopodin peaks (green), confirming peripheral accumulation pattern. e Expansion microscopy (4× expansion) enables single foot process resolution. Podocalyxin (membrane marker, magenta) encapsulates central synaptopodin (green), with integrin α3 (red) co-localizing at periphery. Scale bar: 1 μm. f, Quantitative analysis of straightened foot processes. Integrated RFI plot from all pixels surrounding foot processes shows central synaptopodin peak flanked by two peaks in both podocalyxin and integrin α3 channels, definitively confirming peripheral integrin localization matching model predictions.

Article Snippet: The first and second antibodies used included: Guinea-pig anti-mouse synaptopodin (ARP, 03-GP94-N, Waltham, MA, USA); Rabbit anti-mouse integrin-α3 (BiCell, 10003, St. Louis, MO, USA); Goat anti-mouse nephrin (R&D System, AF3159, Minneapolis, MN, USA); Goat anti-mouse podocalyxin (R&D System, AF1556, Minneapolis, MN, USA); Alexa fluor-488 Donkey anti-guinea-pig secondary (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 706-545-148, West Grove, PA, USA); Alexa fluor-594 Donkey anti-rabbit secondary (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 711-585-152, West Grove, PA, USA); Dylight-405 Donkey anti-rabbit secondary(Jackson ImmunoResearch, 711-475-152, West Grove, PA, USA); and Alexa fluor-647 Donkey anti-goat secondary (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 705-605-003, West Grove, PA, USA).

Techniques: Shear, Imaging, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Membrane, Marker

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Orthogonal Force Balance Between Contractility and Shear Stress Governs Podocyte Dynamics

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.22.701159

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, Airyscan imaging reveals integrin α3 localization at foot process peripheries in both low BP and high BP mice 60 minutes post-blebbistatin. Synaptopodin marks central actin cables (green), integrin α3 shown in red. Scale bar: 1 μm. b, Relative fluorescence intensity plots along indicated lines in panel c demonstrate enhanced integrin accumulation in high BP mice. Greater peak-to-valley intensity differences in high BP samples indicate increased peripheral concentration under elevated shear stress. c, Expansion microscopy reveals foot process boundaries in both low and high BP mice. Podocalyxin staining (magenta) clearly identifies peripheries, with integrin α3 (red) accumulation partially lost in some low BP samples. Scale bar: 1 μm. d, Integrated RFI plots from straightened foot processes show differential integrin distribution. While podocalyxin maintains two peaks surrounding central synaptopodin in both groups, integrin α3 shows widened distribution in low GFR samples versus significant peripheral accumulation in high GFR group, confirming stress-dependent redistribution. e, Airyscan imaging of human kidney samples reveals conserved integrin localization patterns. In healthy human glomerulus (left), integrin α3 (red) localizes at foot process peripheries around synaptopodin-marked central actin (green). In minimal change disease (right), integrin α3 accumulates precisely between effaced foot processes, with sarcomere-like structures (SLSs) visible as discontinuous synaptopodin signals (arrows). Scale bar: 1 μm. f, Relative fluorescence intensity plots from human samples demonstrate peripheral integrin accumulation away from central synaptopodin signals in both healthy and diseased tissue, confirming conservation of the stress-responsive redistribution mechanism across species.

Article Snippet: The first and second antibodies used included: Guinea-pig anti-mouse synaptopodin (ARP, 03-GP94-N, Waltham, MA, USA); Rabbit anti-mouse integrin-α3 (BiCell, 10003, St. Louis, MO, USA); Goat anti-mouse nephrin (R&D System, AF3159, Minneapolis, MN, USA); Goat anti-mouse podocalyxin (R&D System, AF1556, Minneapolis, MN, USA); Alexa fluor-488 Donkey anti-guinea-pig secondary (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 706-545-148, West Grove, PA, USA); Alexa fluor-594 Donkey anti-rabbit secondary (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 711-585-152, West Grove, PA, USA); Dylight-405 Donkey anti-rabbit secondary(Jackson ImmunoResearch, 711-475-152, West Grove, PA, USA); and Alexa fluor-647 Donkey anti-goat secondary (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 705-605-003, West Grove, PA, USA).

Techniques: Imaging, Fluorescence, Concentration Assay, Shear, Microscopy, Staining

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Orthogonal Force Balance Between Contractility and Shear Stress Governs Podocyte Dynamics

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.22.701159

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, Model-predicted integrin stability as a function of location from foot process periphery to center under varying shear stress conditions. Low stress (blue) shows minimal peripheral preference; increasing stress (orange to red) drives progressive peripheral accumulation with central depletion. b, Schematic of predicted integrin redistribution under mechanical stress. Integrins accumulate at foot process peripheries (green) as stress increases, with potential shape changes and edge detachment under excessive loading. c, Airyscan super-resolution imaging validates predicted pattern in healthy mouse glomerulus. Integrin α3 (red) accumulates in gaps between synaptopodin-marked foot processes (green), with nephrin marking slit diaphragms (blue). Scale bar: 1 μm. d, Relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) plot along indicated line in panel c shows integrin α3 peaks (red) localized between synaptopodin peaks (green), confirming peripheral accumulation pattern. e Expansion microscopy (4× expansion) enables single foot process resolution. Podocalyxin (membrane marker, magenta) encapsulates central synaptopodin (green), with integrin α3 (red) co-localizing at periphery. Scale bar: 1 μm. f, Quantitative analysis of straightened foot processes. Integrated RFI plot from all pixels surrounding foot processes shows central synaptopodin peak flanked by two peaks in both podocalyxin and integrin α3 channels, definitively confirming peripheral integrin localization matching model predictions.

Article Snippet: The first and second antibodies used included: Guinea-pig anti-mouse synaptopodin (ARP, 03-GP94-N, Waltham, MA, USA); Rabbit anti-mouse integrin-α3 (BiCell, 10003, St. Louis, MO, USA); Goat anti-mouse nephrin (R&D System, AF3159, Minneapolis, MN, USA); Goat anti-mouse podocalyxin (R&D System, AF1556, Minneapolis, MN, USA); Alexa fluor-488 Donkey anti-guinea-pig secondary (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 706-545-148, West Grove, PA, USA); Alexa fluor-594 Donkey anti-rabbit secondary (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 711-585-152, West Grove, PA, USA); Dylight-405 Donkey anti-rabbit secondary(Jackson ImmunoResearch, 711-475-152, West Grove, PA, USA); and Alexa fluor-647 Donkey anti-goat secondary (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 705-605-003, West Grove, PA, USA).

Techniques: Shear, Imaging, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Membrane, Marker

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Finerenone ameliorates diabetic kidney disease exacerbated by deletion of natriuretic peptide/guanylyl cyclase-A signaling and dietary high-protein load

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-25362-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Systemic knockout of GC-A aggravates glomerular injury induced by diabetes and high-protein diet (HPD). ( a ) Time course of the experiment. Mice were injected STZ at 6 months of age, and 4 weeks later, fed with HPD or normal diet (ND) for 4 weeks. ( b ) Npr1 mRNA expression of whole kidney analysis. Npr1 mRNA was not detected in systemic GC-A KO mice. ( c ) Double immunofluorescence (IF) staining for GC-A and nephrin or Tie2. Scale Bar represents 50 μm. ( d ) Body weight changes in each group. ( e ) The systolic blood pressure (SBP) change in each group. ( f ) Urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) change in each group. ( g ) Kidney weight per body weight in each group at the end of the experiment. ( h ) Serum creatinine (Cr) levels and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels at the end of the experiment. ( i ) Serum aldosterone concentration of each group at the end of the experiment. ( j ) PAS staining of the juxtamedullary glomeruli. Scale Bar represents 50 μm. ( k ) Sirius Red staining of 4 groups. Scale Bar represents 100 μm. n = 5 in WT + ND and KO + ND, n = 8 in WT + HPD and KO + HPD. Values are expressed as means ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. other groups, †p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01 vs. WT + HPD, §p < 0.05, §§p < 0.01 vs. WT + ND, NS; not significant.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies used for immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence studies were anti-GC-A antibody (GTX109810, GeneTex, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA), anti-MAC2 antibody (CL8942F, Cedarlane, Ontario, Canada), anti-Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) antibody (sc-15421, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX), anti-nephrin antibody (AF3159, R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA), and anti-Tie2 antibody (AF762, R&D Systems, Inc.).

Techniques: Knock-Out, Injection, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Concentration Assay

Journal: Methods and Protocols

Article Title: Parsing Glomerular and Tubular Structure Variability in High-Throughput Kidney Organoid Culture

doi: 10.3390/mps8050125

Figure Lengend Snippet: Morphology of glomerular and tubular structures in iPSC-derived kidney organoids generated with the original APEL/air-medium interface protocol. Representative immunofluorescence images of the maturing glomerular structures, stained for nephrin, and maturing tubular structures, stained for epithelial cadherin (ECAD) in healthy-donor iPSC lines HEL24.3 and HEL61.2, and the GRACILE iPSC line HEL124.2. Images acquired with ( A ) widefield fluorescence microscopy, scale bars 500 µm, and ( B ) the Opera Phenix spinning disk confocal microscope, scale bars 100 µm.

Article Snippet: Fluorescein Lotus tetragonolobus lectin (LTL; Vector Laboratories, Newark, CA, USA, FL-1321, 1:500) and following primary antibodies were utilized: guinea pig anti-mouse nephrin (Progen, Heidelberg, Germany, GP-N2, 1:300) and mouse anti-human epithelial cadherin (ECAD; BD Biosciences 610181, 1:400).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Generated, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Fluorescence, Microscopy

Journal: Methods and Protocols

Article Title: Parsing Glomerular and Tubular Structure Variability in High-Throughput Kidney Organoid Culture

doi: 10.3390/mps8050125

Figure Lengend Snippet: Opera Phenix high-content screening and quantification of nephrin and ECAD-positive maturing structures in kidney organoids generated with higher throughput approaches. Four modified high-throughput approaches consisting of different culture systems (monolayer culture, ML, spheroid suspension culture, S, and/or air-medium interface, AMI) and variable amounts of cells at the initiation of spheroids, from 2000 (2 k) to 200,000 (200 k) cells, were tested. Two iPSC lines were utilized (HEL24.3 and HEL61.2) in two different experiments ( A , B ). The proportions of nephrin and ECAD-positive area per organoid (imaged with Opera Phenix) are shown with blue dots (mean ± s.d. for each condition indicated with black crossbars). Unadjusted significance levels are shown (Mann-Whitney U test *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ns: non-significant). Number of replicate samples per condition provided in .

Article Snippet: Fluorescein Lotus tetragonolobus lectin (LTL; Vector Laboratories, Newark, CA, USA, FL-1321, 1:500) and following primary antibodies were utilized: guinea pig anti-mouse nephrin (Progen, Heidelberg, Germany, GP-N2, 1:300) and mouse anti-human epithelial cadherin (ECAD; BD Biosciences 610181, 1:400).

Techniques: High Content Screening, Generated, Modification, High Throughput Screening Assay, Suspension, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Methods and Protocols

Article Title: Parsing Glomerular and Tubular Structure Variability in High-Throughput Kidney Organoid Culture

doi: 10.3390/mps8050125

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative Opera Phenix immunofluorescence images of nephrin and ECAD-positive maturing structures in kidney organoids generated with the higher throughput approaches. Kidney organoids generated with high-throughput approaches one (S+AMI, a spheroid suspension culture followed by air-medium interface) and four (S, a spheroid suspension culture). Images represent two iPSC lines HEL24.3 and HEL61.2 and two separate experiments ( A , B ) with 50,000 cells utilized for the initiation of spheroids. Organoids were stained for nephrin (green) and ECAD (red) for Opera Phenix high-content screening. Nuclei stained with Hoechst (blue). Scale bar 200 µm. (S) and 500 µm (S+AMI).

Article Snippet: Fluorescein Lotus tetragonolobus lectin (LTL; Vector Laboratories, Newark, CA, USA, FL-1321, 1:500) and following primary antibodies were utilized: guinea pig anti-mouse nephrin (Progen, Heidelberg, Germany, GP-N2, 1:300) and mouse anti-human epithelial cadherin (ECAD; BD Biosciences 610181, 1:400).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Generated, High Throughput Screening Assay, Suspension, Staining, High Content Screening

Journal: World Journal of Diabetes

Article Title: Nicotinamide mononucleotide protects against diabetic nephropathy via IL-6/Rab5-mediated crosstalk between proximal tubular epithelial cells and podocytes

doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.109782

Figure Lengend Snippet: High-dose glucose-induced nephrin endocytosis promotes podocyte injury and endocytosis inhibitors block this effect. A and B: Western blot analysis of cytoplasmic nephrin, membrane nephrin, and total nephrin in podocytes after different treatments and densitometric quantification of these results ( n = 3); C: Representative confocal microscopy images of podocytes after different treatments (magnification: × 1000; scale bar: 50 μm; blue: Nuclei; red: Cytoskeleton); D: Adhesion of podocytes after different treatments ( n = 3); E and F: Representative electron microscopy images of podocyte spreading after different treatments (magnification: × 400; scale bar: 20 μm) and quantification of these results ( n = 3). a P < 0.05; b P < 0.001. HG: High-dose glucose.

Article Snippet: Mouse anti-nephrin monoclonal antibody (mAb; sc-376522), mouse anti-β-actin mAb (sc-47778), and Rab5 siRNA (sc-36344) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, United States).

Techniques: Blocking Assay, Western Blot, Membrane, Confocal Microscopy, Electron Microscopy

Journal: World Journal of Diabetes

Article Title: Nicotinamide mononucleotide protects against diabetic nephropathy via IL-6/Rab5-mediated crosstalk between proximal tubular epithelial cells and podocytes

doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.109782

Figure Lengend Snippet: Rab5 promotes podocyte injury by increasing nephrin endocytosis, Rab5 silencing blocks this effect, and Rab5 upregulation promotes this effect. A and B: Western blot analysis of Rab5 in podocytes after different treatments and densitometric quantification of these results ( n = 3); C and D: Western blot analysis of cytoplasmic nephrin (C-nephrin) and total nephrin (T-nephrin) in podocytes after different treatments and densitometric quantification of the C-nephrin/T-nephrin ratio ( n = 3); E and F: Representative electron microscopy images of podocyte spreading after different treatments (magnification: × 1000; scale bar: 50 μm) and quantification of these results ( n = 3); G: Representative confocal microscopy images of podocytes after different treatments (magnification: × 1000; scale bar: 50 μm; blue nuclei; red: Cytoskeleton); H: Adhesion of podocytes after different treatments ( n = 3). a P < 0.05; b P < 0.001. HG: High-dose glucose; NC: Negative control.

Article Snippet: Mouse anti-nephrin monoclonal antibody (mAb; sc-376522), mouse anti-β-actin mAb (sc-47778), and Rab5 siRNA (sc-36344) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, United States).

Techniques: Western Blot, Electron Microscopy, Confocal Microscopy, Negative Control

Journal: World Journal of Diabetes

Article Title: Nicotinamide mononucleotide protects against diabetic nephropathy via IL-6/Rab5-mediated crosstalk between proximal tubular epithelial cells and podocytes

doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.109782

Figure Lengend Snippet: Rab5-mediated nephrin endocytosis by podocytes depends on Rab5 activation. A and B: Co-immunoprecipitation of active Rab5 (Rab5-GTP) in podocytes after different treatments and quantification of these results ( n = 3); C and D: Representative co-localization images and quantitative of nephrin (green) and active Rab5 (red) in podocytes after different treatments (magnification: × 630; Scale bar: 20 μm); E and F: Co-immunoprecipitation of nephrin and active Rab5 in podocytes after different treatments and quantification of these results ( n = 3); G and H: Western blot analysis of cytoplasmic nephrin and total nephrin in podocytes after different treatments and quantification of the C-nephrin/T-nephrin ratio ( n = 3). a P < 0.05; b P < 0.001. HG: High-dose glucose.

Article Snippet: Mouse anti-nephrin monoclonal antibody (mAb; sc-376522), mouse anti-β-actin mAb (sc-47778), and Rab5 siRNA (sc-36344) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, United States).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot

Journal: World Journal of Diabetes

Article Title: Nicotinamide mononucleotide protects against diabetic nephropathy via IL-6/Rab5-mediated crosstalk between proximal tubular epithelial cells and podocytes

doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.109782

Figure Lengend Snippet: IL-6/Rab5 signaling mediates nephrin endocytosis in podocytes by promoting crosstalk between HK-2 cells and podocytes. A and B: Co-immunoprecipitation of active Rab5 (Rab5-GTP) in podocytes cultured in different conditioned media and quantification of these results ( n = 3); C and D: Representative co-localization images and quantitative of nephrin (green) and active Rab5 (red) in podocytes grown in different conditioned media (magnification: × 630; scale bar: 20 μm); E: Co-immunoprecipitation of nephrin and active Rab5 in podocytes grown in different conditioned media and quantification of these results ( n = 3; F: Western blot analysis of cytoplasmic nephrin (C-nephrin) and total nephrin (T-nephrin) after growth in different conditioned media and quantification of the C-nephrin/T-nephrin ratio ( n = 3). a P < 0.05; b P < 0.001. HG: High-dose glucose; NAb: Neutralizing Ab.

Article Snippet: Mouse anti-nephrin monoclonal antibody (mAb; sc-376522), mouse anti-β-actin mAb (sc-47778), and Rab5 siRNA (sc-36344) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, United States).

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Cell Culture, Western Blot

Journal: World Journal of Diabetes

Article Title: Nicotinamide mononucleotide protects against diabetic nephropathy via IL-6/Rab5-mediated crosstalk between proximal tubular epithelial cells and podocytes

doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.109782

Figure Lengend Snippet: Nicotinamide mononucleotide alleviates podocyte injury in diabetic mice. A and B: Blood glucose and HbA1c levels in the different groups; C: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the different groups; D and E: Representative PAS staining (magnification × 400; scale bar: 50 μm) and quantification of the glomerular surface area in different groups ( n = 10 glomeruli/group); F: Representative electron microscopy images of podocyte foot process effacement in the different groups (magnification × 10,000; scale bar: 100 μm); G: Urinary albumin excretion (albumin/creatinine ratio) in the different groups ( n = 5); H and I: Co-localization images and quantification of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, indicated by altered E-cadherin and α-SMA expression, in the different groups (magnification × 630; scale bar: 20 μm); J and K: Immunohistochemical staining and quantification of glomerular expression of Rab5-GTP in the different groups (magnification × 400; scale bar: 20 μm); L and M: Immunofluorescence co-localization and quantification of nephrin and active Rab5 (Rab5-GTP) in the different groups (magnification × 630; scale bar: 20 μm). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. a P < 0.05; b P < 0.001. DN: Diabetic nephropathy; NMN: Nicotinamide mononucleotide; AOC: Area of coverage.

Article Snippet: Mouse anti-nephrin monoclonal antibody (mAb; sc-376522), mouse anti-β-actin mAb (sc-47778), and Rab5 siRNA (sc-36344) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, United States).

Techniques: Staining, Electron Microscopy, Expressing, Immunohistochemical staining, Immunofluorescence

Journal: World Journal of Diabetes

Article Title: Nicotinamide mononucleotide protects against diabetic nephropathy via IL-6/Rab5-mediated crosstalk between proximal tubular epithelial cells and podocytes

doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.109782

Figure Lengend Snippet: Nicotinamide mononucleotide protection depends on crosstalk between proximal tubular epithelial cell and podocytes. A and B: Western blot analysis of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers in HK-2 cells that received different treatments and quantification of these results ( n = 3); C: IL-6 secretion by HK-2 cells that received different treatments ( n = 3); D: Co-immunoprecipitation of active Rab5 in podocytes cultured in different conditioned media and quantification of these results; E and F: Co-immunoprecipitation of nephrin and active Rab5 in podocytes cultured in different conditioned media and quantification of the results ( n = 3); G and H: Western blot analysis of cytoplasmic nephrin (C-nephrin) and total nephrin (T-nephrin) from podocytes cultured in different conditioned media and quantification of C-nephrin/T-nephrin ratio ( n = 3); I: Representative confocal microscopy images of podocytes cultured in different conditioned media (magnification: × 1000; scale bar: 50 μm; red: Cytoskeleton; blue: Nuclei); J: Quantification of podocyte adhesion after culture in different conditioned media ( n = 3); K: Representative electron microscopy images of podocyte spreading after culture in different conditioned media (magnification: × 400; scale bar: 20 μm); L: Quantitative analysis of podocyte spreading after culture in different conditioned media ( n = 3). a P < 0.05; b P < 0.001. HG: High-dose glucose; NMN: Nicotinamide mononucleotide.

Article Snippet: Mouse anti-nephrin monoclonal antibody (mAb; sc-376522), mouse anti-β-actin mAb (sc-47778), and Rab5 siRNA (sc-36344) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, United States).

Techniques: Western Blot, Immunoprecipitation, Cell Culture, Confocal Microscopy, Electron Microscopy

Journal: World Journal of Diabetes

Article Title: Nicotinamide mononucleotide protects against diabetic nephropathy via IL-6/Rab5-mediated crosstalk between proximal tubular epithelial cells and podocytes

doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.109782

Figure Lengend Snippet: Possible mechanism of crosstalk between proximal tubular epithelial cells and podocytes and effect of nicotinamide mononucleotide during diabetic nephropathy. High-dose glucose induces the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and secretion of IL-6 by proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs). Podocytes sense this IL-6, and this leads to the binding of internalized nephrin with active Rab5, followed by disruptions of the cytoskeleton, podocyte adhesion, and podocyte spreading. nicotinamide mononucleotide blocks signaling from the PTECs, decreases the binding of nephrin with active Rab5, and ameliorates cellular damage. EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; NMN: Nicotinamide mononucleotide.

Article Snippet: Mouse anti-nephrin monoclonal antibody (mAb; sc-376522), mouse anti-β-actin mAb (sc-47778), and Rab5 siRNA (sc-36344) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, United States).

Techniques: Binding Assay